When we talk about kidney failure, also known as renal failure, we’re referring to a situation where one or both of your kidneys can’t do their job properly on their own anymore. Sometimes this happens suddenly, in what’s called acute kidney failure, which can be temporary. Other times, it’s a chronic condition that gradually worsens over time.
Kidney failure is the most serious stage of kidney disease and can be life-threatening if not treated. Without intervention, someone with kidney failure might only survive for a few days to weeks. But don’t worry—we have got you covered with this blog on kidney failure. We’ll break down everything you need to know about kidney failure, including its causes and treatment options.
How do the kidneys function?
Well, think of your kidneys as your body’s natural filters. These bean-shaped organs, about the size of your fist, are located under your ribcage toward your back. Most of us have two working kidneys, but interestingly, you can live just fine with only one as long as it’s functioning properly.
Your kidneys have several important jobs, but one of the most crucial is getting rid of toxins from your body. They filter your blood and remove waste products, which are then sent out of your body through urine.
But when your kidneys aren’t working as they should, these waste products start to build up in your body, making you feel sick. Without treatment, this can be life-threatening. The good news is that with the right care, many people can manage kidney failure and continue living their lives.
So, how does kidney failure happen?
Kidney failure occurs when your kidneys can’t do their job properly anymore. This can happen for a few different reasons. Sometimes, it’s a sudden thing—maybe due to an injury or a severe illness that puts too much stress on your kidneys all at once. Other times, it happens gradually over time, often because of chronic conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes that slowly damage the kidneys.
As your kidneys start to lose their ability to filter out waste from your blood, these toxins begin to build up in your body, leading to serious health issues. If kidney function continues to decline and isn’t treated, it can eventually lead to complete kidney failure, which is a life-threatening situation.
What are the early warning signs of kidney failure?
In the early stages of kidney disease, many people don’t experience noticeable symptoms. You might feel perfectly fine, even as chronic kidney disease (CKD) starts to cause damage.
Symptoms of CKD and kidney failure can differ from person to person. If your kidneys aren’t functioning as they should, you might start to notice some of the following signs:
- Feeling extremely tired or fatigued
- Nausea and vomiting
- Difficulty focusing or confusion
- Swelling, especially around your hands, ankles, or face
- Urinating more frequently
- Muscle cramps or spasms
- Dry or itchy skin
- Loss of appetite, or food tasting metallic
These signs can be subtle, but it’s important to pay attention to any changes in how you’re feeling.
How do doctors diagnose kidney failure?
If your healthcare provider thinks you might be at risk for kidney failure, they’ll likely run a few tests to check how well your kidneys are working. Here’s what they might do:
- Blood tests: These tests help determine how efficiently your kidneys are filtering waste from your blood. During the test, a small sample of blood is taken from your arm with a needle, then sent to a lab for analysis.
- Urine tests: These tests check for specific substances in your urine, like protein or blood, that can indicate kidney problems. You’ll provide a urine sample at your doctor’s office or a hospital, and it will be sent to a lab for examination.
- Imaging tests: To get a closer look at your kidneys and surrounding areas, your provider may order imaging tests like an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. These tests help identify any abnormalities or blockages that might be affecting your kidneys.
These tests help your doctor understand what’s happening with your kidneys and guide the next steps in your care.
Are there treatment options for Kidney failure?
If you’ve been diagnosed with kidney failure, it’s crucial to know that there are several treatment options available to help manage the condition. The right approach depends on the severity of your kidney failure, your overall health, and your personal preferences. Here are the most common treatment options:
1. Dialysis
- Hemodialysis: This is the most common form of dialysis, where a machine filters your blood to remove waste products and excess fluids. It usually requires visiting a dialysis center several times a week, although some people can do it at home.
- Peritoneal Dialysis: In this form, a special fluid is introduced into your abdomen through a catheter. The fluid absorbs waste products from your blood, and then it’s drained away. This method can often be done at home, giving you more flexibility.
2. Kidney Transplant
- For those who are eligible, a kidney transplant can be a more permanent solution. A healthy kidney from a donor (either living or deceased) is transplanted into your body to take over the work of your failed kidneys. This option can greatly improve your quality of life and reduce the need for dialysis.
3. Lifestyle Changes and Medications
- In less severe cases, or as a complementary approach, lifestyle changes and medications may help manage symptoms and slow the progression of kidney failure. This could include managing your blood pressure, controlling diabetes, eating a kidney-friendly diet, and avoiding medications that can harm your kidneys.
4. Palliative Care
- If dialysis or a transplant isn’t an option, or if you choose not to pursue those treatments, palliative care can help you manage symptoms and maintain your quality of life. This approach focuses on providing relief from the symptoms and stress of kidney failure.
5. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)
- CRRT is typically used for critically ill patients in intensive care. It’s a slower and gentler form of dialysis that runs continuously over 24 hours, making it easier on the body.
6. Supportive Care
- If you decide not to undergo dialysis or a transplant, supportive care focuses on managing symptoms and improving your comfort. It’s about maintaining the best possible quality of life without aggressive treatment.
Your healthcare provider will work with you to determine the best treatment plan based on your specific situation. Early intervention and the right care can help manage kidney failure and improve your quality of life.
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